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Original Research
Online Published: 20 Aug 2015
 
RMJ. 2015; 40(3): 289-291


Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management

Nisar Ahmed Shaikh, Kanta Ahuja Hindu, Ghulam Shabir Shaikh, Akbar Ali Soomro.


Abstract
Objects: To determine the etiology and management outcome of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female.
Methodology: From 2009 to 2012, 37 females with a mean age of 40 (range 20-65) were investigated for etiology and management outcome of BOO. Typical complaints were slow urinary flow, difficulty in emptying bladder, frequency of micturition and urgency. Mean duration of symptoms was 6 month.
Results: 15 women were confirmed as atrophic urethritis, 5 had functional bladder, 3 had urethral caruncle, 5 had cystocele, 7 had complete procedentia of uterus, and 2 had impacted urethral stone. Cystoscopy was performed in all patients to exclude other pathology like vesical stone and bladder growth. 12 patients were referred to Gynecology due to complete procedentia of uterus and cystocele. Three cases of urethral caruncle were treated by excision and biopsy, 2 patients with urethral stone were treated by endoscopic push back and litholapaxy while 5 required conservative treatment and 15 cases of atrophic urethritis were kept on Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).
Conclusion: BOO is uncommon in female and management depends upon the etiology.

Key words: BOO, etiology and management.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Shaikh NA, Hindu KA, Shaikh GS, Soomro AA. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. RMJ. 2015; 40(3): 289-291.

Web Style

Shaikh NA, Hindu KA, Shaikh GS, Soomro AA. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=166478 [Access: June 26, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Shaikh NA, Hindu KA, Shaikh GS, Soomro AA. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. RMJ. 2015; 40(3): 289-291.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Shaikh NA, Hindu KA, Shaikh GS, Soomro AA. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. RMJ. (2015), [cited June 26, 2026]; 40(3): 289-291.


Harvard Style

Shaikh, N. A., Hindu, . K. A., Shaikh, . G. S. & Soomro, . A. A. (2015) Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. RMJ, 40 (3), 289-291.


Turabian Style

Shaikh, Nisar Ahmed, Kanta Ahuja Hindu, Ghulam Shabir Shaikh, and Akbar Ali Soomro. 2015. Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. Rawal Medical Journal, 40 (3), 289-291.


Chicago Style

Shaikh, Nisar Ahmed, Kanta Ahuja Hindu, Ghulam Shabir Shaikh, and Akbar Ali Soomro. "Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management." Rawal Medical Journal 40 (2015), 289-291.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Shaikh, Nisar Ahmed, Kanta Ahuja Hindu, Ghulam Shabir Shaikh, and Akbar Ali Soomro. "Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management." Rawal Medical Journal 40.3 (2015), 289-291. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Shaikh, N. A., Hindu, . K. A., Shaikh, . G. S. & Soomro, . A. A. (2015) Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in female: etiology and management. Rawal Medical Journal, 40 (3), 289-291.


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