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Original Research 
RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 476-479


Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan

Nayab Sayed, Muhammad Naeem, Saadia Jabeen, Muhammad Adnan, Abdul Majeed Akhtar.


Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the frequency and association of risk factors with nutritional rickets among children aged 2-24 months.
Methodology: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 145 children aged 2-24 months of both genders were conveniently enrolled from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore during April to September 2023. Interviewer-administered close-ended proforma were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.26. Crosstabs analysis is used for odds ratios with 95% CI and binary logistic regression for adjusted odds with 95% CI.
Results: Among 113 participants, 69 (61.1%) were males and 44 (38.9%) females. Mean age was 11.41±7.09 months. Nutritional rickets was found in 38 (33.6%), vitamin D deficiency in 70 (61.9%), and hypocalcemia in 94 (83.2%) patients. Among risk factors, exclusive breastfeeding (aOR=2.299), no use of fortified milk (aOR=1.722), and sunlight exposure for <30 min. (aOR = 1.461) had higher risk of nutritional rickets, but the relationship was not significant (all p-values >0.05). However, lack of sunlight exposure (aOR=5.848; p=0.033) and malnutrition in children (aOR=2.648; p=0.054) demonstrated higher odds and significant association with nutritional rickets.
Conclusion: Frequency of nutritional rickets was high among children 2-24 months in our setting. Lack of sunlight exposure, malnutrition, exclusive breastfeeding, and no use of fortified milk were higher risk for nutritional rickets.

Key words: Child, prevalence, Pakistan, rickets, risk factors, Vitamin D.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sayed N, Naeem M, Jabeen S, Adnan M, Akhtar AM. Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 476-479.

Web Style

Sayed N, Naeem M, Jabeen S, Adnan M, Akhtar AM. Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=196592 [Access: June 22, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sayed N, Naeem M, Jabeen S, Adnan M, Akhtar AM. Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 476-479.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sayed N, Naeem M, Jabeen S, Adnan M, Akhtar AM. Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. RMJ. (2026), [cited June 22, 2026]; 51(2): 476-479.


Harvard Style

Sayed, N., Naeem, . M., Jabeen, . S., Adnan, . M. & Akhtar, . A. M. (2026) Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. RMJ, 51 (2), 476-479.


Turabian Style

Sayed, Nayab, Muhammad Naeem, Saadia Jabeen, Muhammad Adnan, and Abdul Majeed Akhtar. 2026. Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (2), 476-479.


Chicago Style

Sayed, Nayab, Muhammad Naeem, Saadia Jabeen, Muhammad Adnan, and Abdul Majeed Akhtar. "Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 476-479.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sayed, Nayab, Muhammad Naeem, Saadia Jabeen, Muhammad Adnan, and Abdul Majeed Akhtar. "Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan." Rawal Medical Journal 51.2 (2026), 476-479. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sayed, N., Naeem, . M., Jabeen, . S., Adnan, . M. & Akhtar, . A. M. (2026) Association of risk factors with nutritional rickets in 2- 24 months children at a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (2), 476-479.


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