Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy

Tooba Noor; Adeena Jamil; Hina Badar Afnan; Zareen Kiran; Muhammad Tassaduq Khan; Farina Hanif

2026, Vol: 51, Issue: 2

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RMJ. 2025; 50(1): 87-91

Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy

Tooba Noor, Adeena Jamil, Hina Badar Afnan, Zareen Kiran, Muhammad Tassaduq Khan, Farina Hanif.

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship of copeptin, a surrogate marker of vasopressin with varying fluid intake among individuals with progressive stages of diabetic nephropathy.
Methodology: This retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on prediabetes, DM without nephropathy and DM with nephropathy and compared with controls. Biochemical tests and 24hr fluid intake history was taken. Sandwich based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum copeptin levels.
Results: We found that 47.5% participants were consuming <6 glass of water per day. Black tea (30%), green tea (17%), coffee (13%) was mostly sought by these patients. Significant difference of decreased fluid intake was found with advancing age (p≤0.001), osmolarity (p=0.005), glycosylated hemoglobin (p=0.004), BUN (p≤0.001) and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (p=0.022). A trend of non-significant but progressively lower serum copeptin levels was observed with higher water consumption.
Conclusion: Limited fluid intake among subjects with nephropathy secondary to DM and its relationship with higher copeptin levels is the key finding of this study. This insinuate the role of AVP as a primary regulator of fluid homeostasis and suggest that limited fluid intake could be a low-cost metabolic intervention of regulating dangerously high AVP levels in DM.

Key words: Arginine vasopressin, copeptin, fluid, nephropathy, osmolarity, diabetes mellitus.

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Noor T, Jamil A, Afnan HB, Kiran Z, Khan MT, Hanif F. Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy. RMJ. 2025; 50(1): 87-91.

Web Style

Noor T, Jamil A, Afnan HB, Kiran Z, Khan MT, Hanif F. Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=209896 [Access: June 23, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Noor T, Jamil A, Afnan HB, Kiran Z, Khan MT, Hanif F. Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy. RMJ. 2025; 50(1): 87-91.

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Harvard Style

Noor, T., Jamil, . A., Afnan, . H. B., Kiran, . Z., Khan, . M. T. & Hanif, . F. (2025) Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy. RMJ, 50 (1), 87-91.

Turabian Style

Noor, Tooba, Adeena Jamil, Hina Badar Afnan, Zareen Kiran, Muhammad Tassaduq Khan, and Farina Hanif. 2025. Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (1), 87-91.

Chicago Style

Noor, Tooba, Adeena Jamil, Hina Badar Afnan, Zareen Kiran, Muhammad Tassaduq Khan, and Farina Hanif. "Impact of fluid consumption on serum copeptin levels among diabetes mellitus patients with progressive diabetic nephropathy." Rawal Medical Journal 50 (2025), 87-91.

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