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Original Research 
RMJ. 2019; 44(4): 773-776


Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients

Muzammil Mushtaq, Muhammad Naveed Riaz.


Abstract
Objective: To develop a scale to measure flashbulb memories and to establish the psychometric properties of the scale.
Methodology: The study was divided into two phases including the development of Flashbulb Memories Scale for Mental Health Patients (Depressive and Traumatic patients) and its empirical evaluation. Interviews were conducted with mental health patients and subject matter experts to develop items for scale. After item generation, data were collected from 200 mental health patients from Sargodha, Pakistan from November 2017 to October 2018.
Results: After studying 200 mental health patients, a scale consisting of three factors was developed.
Conclusion: Flashbulb Memories Scale and its three subscales are significant measure of flashbulb memories.

Key words: Flashbulb Memories, Mental Health, Depression, PTSD, Subject Matter Expertise.


 
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Pubmed Style

Mushtaq M, Riaz MN. Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. RMJ. 2019; 44(4): 773-776.

Web Style

Mushtaq M, Riaz MN. Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=32992 [Access: June 26, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mushtaq M, Riaz MN. Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. RMJ. 2019; 44(4): 773-776.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Mushtaq M, Riaz MN. Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. RMJ. (2019), [cited June 26, 2026]; 44(4): 773-776.


Harvard Style

Mushtaq, M. & Riaz, . M. N. (2019) Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. RMJ, 44 (4), 773-776.


Turabian Style

Mushtaq, Muzammil, and Muhammad Naveed Riaz. 2019. Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. Rawal Medical Journal, 44 (4), 773-776.


Chicago Style

Mushtaq, Muzammil, and Muhammad Naveed Riaz. "Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients." Rawal Medical Journal 44 (2019), 773-776.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Mushtaq, Muzammil, and Muhammad Naveed Riaz. "Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients." Rawal Medical Journal 44.4 (2019), 773-776. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Mushtaq, M. & Riaz, . M. N. (2019) Development and validation of Flashbulb Memories Scales for mental health patients. Rawal Medical Journal, 44 (4), 773-776.


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