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Original Research 


Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients

Muhammad Abbas, Hafeez Ur Rahman, Imran Azam Butt, Nahid Ghani.


Abstract
Objective: The aim was to find the prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in patients presenting with strabismus.
Methods: A total of 924 consecutive patients of strabismus were examined clinically to identify those patients who had any degree of vertical deviation.
Results: All vertical deviations were seen in 11.4%. Pure vertical deviations were seen in about 2% of all strabismus cases.
Conclusion: Over 60% of the patients with vertical deviation were under 10 years of age, with one third under 5 years. Pure vertical deviation was seen in about 2% of all strabismus cases. A positive family history of strabismus was found in 13% of the study group. The most common refractive error was hypermetropia in 51.9%, followed by astigmatism in 23.6% and myopia in 11.3%. (Rawal Med J 2005;30:79-81).

Key words: Squint, vertical deviation, refraction


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Abbas M, Rahman HU, Butt IA, Ghani N. Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . RMJ. 2005; 30(2): 79-81.

Web Style

Abbas M, Rahman HU, Butt IA, Ghani N. Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=8865 [Access: June 27, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Abbas M, Rahman HU, Butt IA, Ghani N. Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . RMJ. 2005; 30(2): 79-81.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Abbas M, Rahman HU, Butt IA, Ghani N. Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . RMJ. (2005), [cited June 27, 2026]; 30(2): 79-81.


Harvard Style

Abbas, M., Rahman, . H. U., Butt, . I. A. & Ghani, . N. (2005) Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . RMJ, 30 (2), 79-81.


Turabian Style

Abbas, Muhammad, Hafeez Ur Rahman, Imran Azam Butt, and Nahid Ghani. 2005. Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . Rawal Medical Journal, 30 (2), 79-81.


Chicago Style

Abbas, Muhammad, Hafeez Ur Rahman, Imran Azam Butt, and Nahid Ghani. "Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients ." Rawal Medical Journal 30 (2005), 79-81.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Abbas, Muhammad, Hafeez Ur Rahman, Imran Azam Butt, and Nahid Ghani. "Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients ." Rawal Medical Journal 30.2 (2005), 79-81. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Abbas, M., Rahman, . H. U., Butt, . I. A. & Ghani, . N. (2005) Prevalence and mode of presentation of vertical deviations in squint patients . Rawal Medical Journal, 30 (2), 79-81.


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